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Solar Energy Technology Development in 20th Century Retrospect and Prospect

of: Lijin Tang (Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute, Beijing 100033)
Abstract According to record, use of solar energy has 3,000 years of human history. Solar power as an energy and make use of, only 300 years of history. The real solar energy as Of the 20th century, 70 years,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], solar technology advances, solar energy with each passing day. Review and summarize the development of this century, the history of solar energy, solar energy on the development of the 21st century is very meaningful, this paper attempts were made.

1
Modern History The history of solar energy from the Solomon and Germany 1615 Cox French engineer invented the world's first solar-powered engine
the date. The invention is a solar energy heating the air to expand the pumping machine to do work. In the years between 1615 -1900,
developed in the world, many sets of solar power plants and other solar energy devices. The power plant condenser means almost all collected by the sun, not
engine power, the working fluid is mainly water vapor, expensive and impractical in value, most of the personal research and manufacturing of solar enthusiasts.
100 years of the 20th century, the history of solar energy technology development can be roughly divided into seven phases, the following were to be introduced. The first phase of 1900-1920

1.1 At this stage, the world's research remained focused on solar energy solar power plant, but the use of the condenser forms, and began to use flat
plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded, the maximum output power of 73.64kW, relatively clear practical purposes, the cost remains high. Typical installations
construction: 1901, California built in a solar pumping equipment, the use of truncated cone concentrator, power: 7.36kW; 1902
-1908 years, the construction of five in the United States sets of double-loop solar engine, using flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid; 1913, in Cairo, Egypt from the south of
completed a 5 composed of parabolic trough solar water pump mirror, each of length 62.5m, width 4m, the total light area of 1250m2.

1.2 Phase II (1920-1945)
in the past 20 years,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], solar energy research at a low ebb, the number of people involved in the work and research projects greatly reduced, its causes and a large number of fossil fuel development and utilization of
material and the occurrence of World War II (1935-1945), whereas the solar energy can not solve the urgent need at the time, so that solar energy research
gradually in the cold.
1.3 The third stage (1945-1965)
in 20 years after the end of World War II, some far-sighted people have noticed that the oil and gas resources are rapidly reduced,
called on people to pay attention to this issue, and thus gradually to promote solar energy recovery and to carry out research work and academic organizations set up solar energy to organize technical exchanges and exhibitions
study, the rise of solar energy research boom again.

at this stage, the solar energy research has some significant progress, the more prominent are: 1955, Israel and other Taber
sun in the first international scientific conference on thermal selective coating layer of basic theory and practical research into selective black nickel coating, for the efficient development of the collector to create a
conditions; 1954, the United States for the development of Bell Labs, practical silicon solar cells for light V laid the foundation for generating large-scale application.
In addition, at this stage there are still some other important results, the more prominent are:
1952, the French National Research Center of Shandong Department of Pyrenees built a solar furnace power is 50kW.
1960, at the Florida built the world's first flat plate collector Gongre ammonia - water absorption air conditioning system, cooling capacity of 5 tons.
1961 years, a Stirling engine with the advent of the quartz window.
at this stage, to strengthen the basic theory of solar energy and basic materials research, such as solar selective coating made of silicon solar cells and other technical
a major breakthrough. Flat plate collector has been greatly developed and technically mature. Of solar absorption air-conditioning to make progress, and built a number of experimental solar house
. Stirling engine of the more difficult and tower solar thermal power technology to a preliminary study.
1.4 Phase IV Door (1965-1973)
this stage, the solar energy research stalled, mainly due to solar energy utilization in the growth stage, not yet mature, and the investment
large, the effect is not ideal, is difficult to compete with conventional energy sources, which are not public, businesses and government attention and support.
1.5 Phase V (1973-1980)
Since the energy structure of oil in the world to play a leading role, the oil economy and the decision to become a country about the survival, development and decline
the The key factor, in October 1973 Middle East war broke out, OPEC oil production cuts to take, price increases and other measures to support the Middle East fighting
people struggle to maintain their own interests. The result is a large number of those who rely on cheap imports from the Middle East oil countries have been hit hard economically.
result, some Western people exclaim: the world has the The So many countries, particularly in the industrial developed countries
home, re-strengthening of solar and other renewable energy technology development support, rise again in the world, the development and utilization of solar energy boom.
1973, the U.S. developed a government-level solar power generation program, a substantial increase funding for solar research and solar energy development bank established to promote too
commercialization of solar energy products. In 1974, Japan announced by the Government's systems. To implement this plan, the Government of Japan
put a lot of manpower, material and financial resources.

70 appears on the early development of the world's solar energy boom,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], China has had a tremendous impact. Some far-sighted scientists, have to join the cause
solar active suggestions to relevant government departments, book journal, describes the dynamic international solar energy utilization; promote the use of solar cookers in rural
, in urban development development of solar water heaters,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], space solar cells used in terrestrial applications started ... .... In 1975, Anyang, Henan Province held a Following this meeting, and the promotion of solar energy research
incorporated into our government plans to obtain a special financial and material support. Some universities and research institutes, have set up solar energy project
group and the Research Laboratory, Solar Energy Research Institute, started in some places. At that time, the rise of China has also developed the use of solar energy boom.

this period, development and utilization of solar energy in the unprecedented period of development, has the following characteristics:
(1) countries to strengthen the solar energy research planning, many countries have recently and long-term Project Sunshine. Utilization of solar energy into
government action, support greatly enhanced. International cooperation is very active, some Third World countries began to actively participate in development and utilization of solar energy for work
.
(2) expanding research field, more in-depth study made a number of great achievements, such as CPC, vacuum tube, amorphous silicon solar cells,
photolysis of water to hydrogen, solar thermal power generation and so on.
(3) countries to develop solar energy development program, the prevalence is too high, too fast problem in the implementation process is difficult to underestimate the hope that within a short period of time in
replace fossil energy to achieve great scale use of solar energy. For example, in 1985 the U.S. had planned to build a small solar energy demonstration
satellite power station, built in 1995 and 500 million kW of a space solar power station. In fact, the plan was adjusted, so far has not been space solar power station off
.
(4) solar water heater,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], solar power and other products he began to realize the commercialization of the solar energy industry initially established, but smaller, cost is not the ideal

1.6 sixth stage ( 1980-1992)
70 years the rise of the development and utilization of solar energy boom, into the 80's began to ebb soon after, and gradually into the trough.
Countries around the world following the substantial reduction in the phase of solar research funding, which the United States the most prominent.
cause this phenomenon is due to: a significant decline in world oil prices, high prices of solar products, lack of competitiveness; sun
no major breakthroughs in energy technology, efficiency and cost reduction did not realize that some people have shaken confidence in utilization of solar energy; nuclear power development
faster development of solar energy played a certain extent.
by 80 solar low international impact of China's solar energy research has also been weakened to some extent, it was even proposed: Sun
can use large investment, ineffective, storage can be difficult, covering a wide that is the future of solar energy, advocating the introduction of foreign technology in China after successful research. Although
However, those who hold this view are a minority, but very harmful to the development of solar energy industry in China adversely affected.

this stage, although significant reduction in funding for solar energy research and development, but research work is not interrupted, and some progress in the larger project also, and to promote
people to seriously look at previous plans to and the goals, adjust the focus of research work, to strive to achieve greater investment in fewer results.

1. 7 seventh stage (1992 - present)
the burning of fossil energy, resulting in global environmental pollution and ecological destruction, human survival and development of a threat.
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